Hemodynamic Reference Values
| Parameter | Normal Range | Abnormal |
|---|
| CO | 4–8 L/min | <4 low; >8 high |
| CI | 2.2–4.0 L/min/m² | <2.2 shock/low output |
| SV | 60–100 mL/beat | <60 reduced |
| SVR | 800–1200 dyn·s/cm⁵ | >1200 vasoconstriction |
| PVR | <250 dyn·s/cm⁵ | >250 pulmonary HTN |
CO = VO₂ / [(SaO₂ - SvO₂)/100 × Hgb × 13.4]
BSA = 0.007184 × Wt⁰·⁴²⁵ × Ht⁰·⁷²⁵
CI = CO / BSA
SV = CO × 1000 / HR
SVR = (MAP - CVP) × 80 / CO
PVR = (mPAP - PCWP) × 80 / CO
Clinical Notes:
• CI <2.2 L/min/m²: cardiogenic shock — consider inotropes, MCS
• CI <1.8 L/min/m²: profound shock — urgent hemodynamic support
• Elevated PVR (>3 WU): pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension
• Fick method most accurate at low CO states; thermodilution preferred at high CO
